Scientific Formulas: Physics, Chemistry & Gas Laws Guide
Fundamental mechanics, kinetic energy, velocity, density, and molar mass.
📚 Overview
Science relies on precise mathematical relationships to describe the physical universe. Understanding classic physics mechanics, ideal gas equations, and chemical stoichiometry allows engineers and students to model real-world physical phenomena.
📐 Kinetic Energy, Velocity & Ideal Gas Law
Where m is mass (kg), v is velocity (m/s), P is pressure (Pa or atm), V is volume (m³ or L), n is moles, R is gas constant (8.314 J/(mol·K)), and T is absolute temperature (Kelvin).
🔢 Worked Example
Scenario: Calculating the kinetic energy of a 1,500 kg automobile traveling at 25 m/s (approx 90 km/h).
- Mass: 1,500 kg
- Velocity: 25 m/s
- Velocity squared = 25² = 625
- Multiply by mass = 1,500 × 625 = 937,500
- Multiply by 0.5 = 0.5 × 937,500 = 468,750 Joules
💡 Pro Tips
- Always verify unit consistency before multiplying: convert speeds to meters/second and masses to kilograms.
- For all thermodynamic equations, temperature must be converted to absolute Kelvin: K = °C + 273.15.
- Kinetic energy quadruples when velocity doubles, because velocity is squared in the equation.
- Standard temperature and pressure (STP) is 0°C (273.15 K) and 1 atmosphere of pressure.
🧮 Science Calculators (18)
Put the formulas above into practice with these free tools:
Current and power from voltage and resistance.
Energy and momentum of a moving object.
Density from mass and volume.
Fall time and impact speed from a given height.
Amount of a substance left after a given time.
Convert a wave frequency to wavelength using the speed of light.
Solution concentration from mass, molar mass, and volume.
Range, peak height, and flight time of a launched object.
❓ Frequently Asked Questions
What is the acceleration due to gravity on Earth?
Standard surface gravity g is approximately 9.80665 m/s² (commonly rounded to 9.8 m/s² or 32.2 ft/s²).
What is Avogadro's number?
Avogadro's number is 6.022 × 10²³ particles per mole of substance.
How is density related to buoyancy?
An object floats in a fluid if its density is lower than the fluid's density, and sinks if its density is higher.